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early modern warfare képek

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A woodcut depicting mounted Muscovite warriors of the Grand Duchy of Moscow equipped with composite bows, quivers, sabres, and distinctive quilted armour known as teguilyai. These soldiers formed part of the feudal cavalry under the Rurik dynasty (862–1598) and served during the expansionist reign of Ivan IV. The illustration highlights the specific military equipment and equestrian style of the Russian state as documented for Western European audiences in Sigismund von Herberstein’s Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii (Notes on Muscovite Affairs). 1556.-stock-foto
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An engraving depicting a matchlock mechanism in use on British firearms during the reign of William III (1650–1702). This mechanical ignition system functioned by using a serpentine lever to lower a length of smouldering slow match into a pan filled with priming powder to fire the weapon. While the more reliable flintlock mechanism was becoming the standard infantry ignition system by the late 17th century, the matchlock persisted in various military capacities across Britain and Europe throughout the turn of the century. c.1700.-stock-foto
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An illustration by Hermanus Willem Koekkoek (1867–1929) depicting a Russian artillery battery in action during the Siege of Port Arthur. The scene captures the intensity of the conflict as Russian gunners operate heavy coastal batteries amidst Japanese shelling, representing the final stages of the siege before the garrison's surrender. The Siege of Port Arthur was a pivotal engagement of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), marking the first major victory of an Asian power over a European power in the modern era. 1905.-stock-foto
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A photograph depicting Admiral Marquis Tōgō Heihachirō (1848–1934), the prominent Japanese naval commander who served as Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet. Regarded as one of Japan's greatest naval heroes, he is often referred to as the "Nelson of the East" following his decisive victory against the Russian Baltic Fleet at the Battle of Tsushima during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). He is shown here in full dress uniform, complete with medals, a ceremonial sash, and a naval sword, standing before traditional wooden panelling. c.1905.-stock-foto
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An illustration of General Nogi Maresuke (1849–1912) standing amid the captured Russian fortifications at Port Arthur. A prominent figure in the Meiji period (1868–1912), Nogi commanded the Third Army during the Russo-Japanese War and led the gruelling siege that ended in the Russian surrender of the strategic port in January 1905. He is depicted here in military uniform, clutching binoculars and a sword, surrounded by heavy siege guns and battle debris, while the Rising Sun flag of the Imperial Japanese Army flies in the background. This artwork by Hermanus Willem Koekkoek captures the afterm-stock-foto
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An illustration by Hermanus Willem Koekkoek (1867–1929) depicting General Kuroki Tamemoto 黒木 為楨 (1844–1923), Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese First Army, overlooking the battlefield during the Russo-Japanese War. Standing on a prominent height, Kuroki gestures towards his advancing infantry in the valley below, while distinct smoke rings from artillery fire drift through the clouded sky. The scene captures the tactical oversight of the First Army during the conflict's early stages, reflecting the Japanese military's strategic dominance over Russian forces in Manchuria. 1904.-stock-foto
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A colour lithograph depicting Emperor Meiji (1852–1912) presenting regimental colours to Japanese soldiers at the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War. The ceremony served to bolster national morale as Japan challenged the Russian Empire for dominance over Manchuria and Korea, eventually resulting in the first major military victory of an Asian power over a European power in the modern era. 1904.-stock-foto
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A woodcut depicting a Knight of Malta, also known as a Knight Hospitaller, by Jost Amman (1539–1591). This member of the Sovereign Military Order of St John of Jerusalem belonged to a Catholic military order established in the late 11th century to provide medical care and military protection to pilgrims in the Holy Land. Following the fall of Rhodes to Ottoman forces in 1522, the order relocated to the island of Malta in 1530, continuing their mission of healthcare and naval warfare. c.1585.-stock-foto
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A photograph depicting Russian barbed wire entanglements and trench systems during the Russo-Japanese War. The conflict was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea, and saw the widespread adoption of modern field fortifications. The use of deep trenches and elaborate wire obstacles in this theatre anticipated the static trench warfare that would come to define the First World War. c.1905.-stock-foto
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A photograph depicting Russian field artillery units stationed within a millet field during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). The soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army are shown manning their field guns amidst the furrowed rows of a Manchurian field, with smoke drifting from the barrels against a backdrop of distant hills. This conflict, fought over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea, saw significant use of modern artillery in prolonged land engagements such as the Battle of Liaoyang and the Battle of Mukden. c.1905.-stock-foto
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A photograph depicting a view of Port Arthur (Lüshunkou District) during the Siege of Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). The scene shows several stranded or scuttled Russian battleships of the Pacific Squadron within the harbour, while the foreground contains buildings damaged by Japanese artillery fire. The capture of the port was a significant strategic objective for the Imperial Japanese Army, leading to the eventual destruction of the Russian fleet and the surrender of the Russian garrison. 1904.-stock-foto
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An illustration depicting Japanese troops being killed as they attempted to cross Russian barbed wire entanglements at Takushan during the Siege of Port Arthur. Part of the broader Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), the assault on the strategic height of Takushan (Big Orphan Hill) in August 1904 was characterised by heavy casualties as the Japanese Third Army faced well-entrenched Russian positions and modern defensive obstacles. The struggle for these outlying positions was essential for the Japanese to establish observation posts for their heavy artillery to target the Russian Pacific Squadron-stock-foto
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A copperplate engraving depicting gunners laying siege to a moated and fortified enclosure with corner bastions, showcasing early modern military tactics. The illustration shows attackers utilizing gabions, which were earth-filled wicker baskets, to provide defensive cover for their artillery batteries and personnel. This plate was included in Robert Fludd (1574–1637) 'Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia', which explored the intersection of technical arts, including fortification and siegecraft, with metaphysical concepts. c.1619.-stock-foto
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An engraving depicting religious atrocities perpetrated against French Catholics by Huguenots in Angoulême. The scene on the left shows Catholic victims chained in pairs and confined to a room without food or water, while the right-hand panel illustrates a man subjected to torture by being drawn back and forth along a rough rope. Created during the height of the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598), the work served as Catholic propaganda to document the perceived cruelties of Protestant forces. It was published in Richard Verstegan (c.1550–1640) polemical volume Theatrum Crudelitatum Hereticoru-stock-foto
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A woodcut depicting the ships of the fleet of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628). Intended to relieve the French Huguenots during the Siege of La Rochelle, the fleet represented a significant military investment that ultimately failed, leading to a financial crisis for King Charles I and necessitating the summoning of Parliament. 1617.-stock-foto
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An engraving of Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire (1563–1606), an English courtier and soldier who served as Lord Deputy of Ireland. Following his decisive victory at the Siege of Kinsale in 1601, Blount successfully brought the Nine Years' War to a close and was subsequently created Earl of Devonshire by James I. He was a prominent figure at the courts of both Elizabeth I and James I, though his reputation suffered later in life due to his controversial marriage to Penelope Devereux. The portrait shows the Earl seated in an ornate chair wearing an elaborate lace ruff and the Lesser Georg-stock-foto
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An engraving depicting Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk (c.1484–1545), a prominent English soldier and statesman during the Tudor dynasty (1485–1603). Brandon served as a close associate and brother-in-law of King Henry VIII through his marriage to Mary Tudor, the Dowager Queen of France, and was the grandfather of Lady Jane Grey. c.1545.-stock-foto
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A woodcut by Vannoccio Biringuccio (c.1480–c.1539) from "De la Pirotechnia" depicting fire tubes being discharged from a battery of artillery against charging enemy cavalry. Published posthumously in Venice by Curtio Navo, this seminal treatise was the first printed work to provide a comprehensive account of metallurgy and mining, including detailed instructions on the manufacture of gunpowder and weapons for early modern warfare. 1540.-stock-foto
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An engraving depicting bombards on portable gun carriages from 'Kriegsbuch' by Leonhardt Fronsperger (c.1520–1575). This illustration highlights 16th-century advancements in heavy artillery and precision aiming, featuring a clinometer in the foreground used for measuring the elevation of the guns. Fronsperger, a veteran of the imperial army, compiled the work as a definitive manual on contemporary military theory and technology. 1575.-stock-foto
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A woodcut from the Tudor period (1485–1603) depicting the practice of shooting crossbows at the butts. Historically, archery practice was mandatory for adult males to ensure a supply of defenders in the event of a siege on a town or city, as well as maintaining a reservoir of skilled archers during times of war. c.1500.-stock-foto
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A woodcut depicting pikes and lances equipped with small fire tubes that, when ignited, propelled missiles towards the enemy, from 'De la pirotechnia' by Vannoccio Biringuccio (c.1480–c.1539). This treatise was the first comprehensive printed work on metallurgy and the pyrotechnic arts, detailing the manufacture of gunpowder and its military applications during the Italian Renaissance. These weapons represent early experiments in combining traditional polearms with incendiary technology to increase their lethality in battle. The work was published posthumously in Venice by Venturino Roffinello-stock-foto
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A woodcut depicting gunners calculating the elevation of a piece of artillery using a clinometer and a quadrant marked with shadow scales. Surrounding them are barrels of gunpowder and cannonballs of various sizes. To the left, a mortar is being discharged. From 'Architectura ... Mathematische ... Kunst' by Gaultherius Rivius (Nuremberg, 1547).-stock-foto
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An engraving depicting a reconstruction of a Roman arrow-shooting machine from Justus Lipsius’s (Joost Lips) (1547–1606) “Poliorceticon sive de machinis tormentis telis libri quinque” (Siege-craft, or on engines, siege-engines, and missiles, in five books). The illustration shows the machine fully wound and prepared for the release of a missile, forming part of a comprehensive scholarly study of ancient military technology and siege tactics that influenced warfare during the early modern period. 1605.-stock-foto
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A copperplate engraving depicting Roman army stables, with elephants on the ground floor and horses on the upper level, from Justus Lipsius' (1547–1606) work titled "Poliorceticon sive de machinis tormentis telis libri quinque". Lipsius, a Flemish philologist and humanist, produced this reconstruction of military architecture based on his extensive studies of classical antiquity and Roman warfare. The illustration provides insight into early modern scholarship regarding the logistics and housing of war animals within the Roman military and was published in Antwerp. 1605.-stock-foto
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An engraving depicting Turkish forces on the left attacking a fortress from the work 'Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia' by Robert Fludd (1574–1637). Groups of pikemen stand in formation with crescent-adorned banners, awaiting the artillery to breach the fortifications while gunners fire a line of cannons toward the moated star fort. This illustration from Fludd's encyclopaedic masterpiece details the technical aspects of military science and siege warfare common in the early 17th century. 1621.-stock-foto
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An engraving depicting a mobile artillery battery designed to advance towards enemy positions from the 'Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia' by Robert Fludd (1574–1637). This proposed method for moving artillery provides protection for both the guns and the gunners within a fortified structure during the Stuart period (1603–1714). The work was published in Oppenheim by Johann Theodore de Bry and demonstrates early seventeenth-century military engineering concepts. c.1621.-stock-foto
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A chromolithograph of Russian torpedo boats on the Danube during the Russo-Turkish War. The image features a low-profile wooden torpedo boat in the foreground, manned by sailors and carrying spar torpedoes intended for the high-risk tactic of ramming enemy vessels. This scene reflects the critical role the Danube River played as a strategic theatre in the 1877-1878 conflict, where early torpedo boats were deployed as experimental but vital naval weapons. 1877.-stock-foto
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An engraved portrait of Bernhard, Duke of Weimar (1604-1639). Bernhard was a prominent military commander and a pivotal figure during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), a devastating European conflict. He fought for the Protestant cause under the banner of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and was noted for his tactical prowess and leadership. c.1625.-stock-foto
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An engraving of Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632), King of Sweden from 1611. Regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history, he played a pivotal role in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), intervening on behalf of Protestants against the Catholic League until he was fatally wounded at the Battle of Lützen. c.1625.-stock-foto
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An engraving of Roman soldiers attacking the walls of a fortress. Justus Lipsius (Joost Lips) (1547–1606) was a Flemish scholar noted for his studies of classical antiquity; his 'Poliorceticon sive de machinis tormentis telis' explored the tactics and technologies of Roman siege warfare, reflecting their engineering and strategic methods. Antwerp, 1605.-stock-foto
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A black and white engraving depicting Roman soldiers utilising two types of battering rams against the walls of a fortress. Battering rams were essential tools for breaching fortifications during Roman siege warfare, with different designs used to maximise the force of the impact. This illustration is taken from Poliorceticon sive de machinis tormentis telis (The Art of Siege Warfare) by Justus Lipsius (Joost Lips) (1547–1606) and shows both a simple ram carried on the shoulders of soldiers and a more advanced version suspended by a chain from a frame to increase thrusting power. Antwerp, 1605-stock-foto
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An engraving of two forms of auger used by the Romans in siege warfare to drill into the wall of a fortress. Roman siege warfare was a highly developed aspect of ancient military strategy, often involving sophisticated engineering to overcome formidable defensive structures, and such augers were crucial for breaching fortified walls. This image is from 'Poliorceticon sive de machinis tormentis telis' (The art of siege warfare, or on machines, engines and weapons) by Justus Lipsius (1547–1606). Antwerp, 1605.-stock-foto
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An engraving of Roman spearmen attacking the walls of a besieged fortress. This illustration is from 'Poliorceticon sive de machinis tormentis telis' ('The art of siege warfare, or on machines, engines and weapons') by Justus Lipsius (1547–1606), also known as Joost Lips. Roman legions were highly skilled in both open-field battles and fortifications, and their siege tactics often involved sustained projectile attacks with spears, known as pila, and arrows. Antwerp, 1605.-stock-foto
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An engraving of Roman soldiers scaling the walls of a fortress using ladders mounted on boats. This illustration is from 'Poliorceticon sive de machinis tormentis telis' ('The art of siege warfare, or on machines, engines and weapons'), by Justus Lipsius. Roman siege warfare was highly advanced, employing a variety of sophisticated techniques and machinery, and engineers and architects played a crucial role in the Roman military, designing and constructing these complex siege engines. This depiction shows a naval assault on a fortified position. Antwerp, 1605.-stock-foto
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A woodcut depicting gunners calculating the elevation of a piece of artillery using a clinometer and a quadrant marked with shadow scales. During the 16th century, artillery became increasingly sophisticated and vital in warfare, and accurate aiming, facilitated by the use of such mathematical instruments, was crucial. From 'Architecture, Mathematicia, Kunst' (Nuremberg) by Gaultherius Rivius, 1547.-stock-foto
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A copperplate engraving depicting military engineering. This illustration from 'Poliorceticon' by Justus Lipsius shows sappers using a 'sow', labelled A, to begin excavations outside city walls, a method used to provide protection while digging tunnels or approaching fortifications. It also features a wheeled shield, labelled B, with a leather protective cover which served as defensive equipment for engineers working in proximity to enemy fire. Antwerp, 1605.-stock-foto
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A woodcut entitled 'Pyrotechnist, Artificer or Firework-maker', after a print representing Fire. In the early 16th century, pyrotechnics encompassed both weaponry and entertainment, with artificers designing devices for military applications, courtly displays, and public celebrations. c.1500.-stock-foto
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Soldiers and civilians move among numerous reenacted casualties after fighting at the Battle of White Mountain reenactment.-stock-foto
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Reenactors portraying casualties lie across the field as survivors move among them after the Battle of White Mountain reenactment.-stock-foto
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Musketeers exchange volleys across a battlefield covered with reenacted casualties during the Battle of White Mountain reenactment.-stock-foto
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